Annotated Bibliography About Computer Hacking Cybercrime and Cyber-Security

Clemmitt, Maria. Computer Hacking. Can â€Å"good† hackers help fight cybercrime? (16, Sep 2011). Volume 21, Issue 32. Web Retrieved 02, Feb 2012 from file:///E:/work%20files/writers%20bay/January%20Projects/Case%23141223/document1.htm Maria has clearly emphasized the importance of web security by means of approaching hackers to fight for the greater cause. The report includes discussions of leading website giants, tackling issues about cybercrimes and security measures needed in order to make the virtual environment risk free. Hackers think and act the alike, if there is a need to catch a cybercriminals the best way possible is to use another to work for law enforcers. The report showed the relevance of using hackers to track down cyber offenders. Evidently the vast diversity of technological advancement makes it difficult to pinpoint the culprits in most cybercrimes. The government on the other hand is working on getting their hands on hackers that can change sides. The disadvantage on this set up is that hackers are hackers, no matter which side they are working with they still have the capability to either save or to destroy an organization. Marshall, Patrick. Cybersecurity. Are U.S. military and civilian computer systems safe? (26, Feb 2010). Volume 20, Issue 8. Web Retrieved 02, Feb 2012 from file:///E:/work%20files/writers%20bay/January%20Projects/Case%23141223/document2.htm Based on this report, it shows that big or small any organization is vulnerable to cyber attacks. Even military infrastructures are prone to cybercriminal activities, if high security systems such as the military are still being bombarded with hacking activities what more of private computers at home.   Although the report showed the difference in resources between hackers and military based equipments, it is evident that the value of hardware and software being used for cyber intrusion is not paramount in conducting cyber crimes. Another fact established in this report is the reality that geographical border is no longer a strong barrier to overcome. Anyone from any place can attack, private organizations, government agencies and military database. The situation becomes potentially problematic when the perpetrators decided to spoof the source. When that happens, law enforcers will then face a biggest challenge of identifying the criminals. Katel, Peter. Identity Theft. Can Congress give Americans better protection? (10, Jun 2005). Volume 15, Issue 22. Web Retrieved 02, Feb 2012 from file:///E:/work%20files/writers%20bay/January%20Projects/Case%23141223/document3.htm The report focused on the issue of identity theft which is causing life changing experiences to the victims. Katel addressed the issue in a comprehensive manner that all aspects of the problem have been discussed in details. The problem with identity theft is that cyber criminals have the privilege to gain access to pertinent information such as social security number, credit card number, address and phone numbers. Having that power to steal another person’s information allows them to use that information to acquire money or materials of great value. As a result, the victims are facing more devastating surprises. There are cybercriminals that are caught for committing identity theft, but the problem is that there is no strong policy and established law that will apprehend cyber criminals in particular. As a result, the victims spend more time clearing out their reputation and struggling to pay off debts caused by identity theft. Clark, Charles S. Regulating the Internet. Can the use of cyberspace be governed? (30, Jun 1995). Volume 5, Issue 24. Web Retrieved 02, Feb 2012 from file:///E:/work%20files/writers%20bay/January%20Projects/Case%23141223/document4.htm Computer and internet together have already became a way of life, a great number of our population are computer dependent. But because of the rising incidents of cybercrimes, online security is becoming a major issue that legislators and government are trying to resolve. This report by Clark discusses preventive measures and policy plans to regulate the use of the internet along with the objective to impose rules that will control cyberspace activities. Apart from identity theft, intrusions and cyber terrorism; another issue is being addressed in this report that involves stealing of intellectual property or otherwise called as piracy. Movie makers and record producers are working hand in hand with the government to prevent online piracy which is causing them huge loss of revenue. The obstacle that law makers are facing in this problem is how they could control people from using the internet without stepping into a person’s personal privacy and cutting intellectual property le akage. Hansen, Brian. Cyber-Crime Should penalties be tougher? (12, Apr 2002). Volume 12, Issue 14. Web Retrieved 02, Feb 2012 from file:///E:/work%20files/writers%20bay/January%20Projects/Case%23141223/document5.htm The climbing rate on cybercrime has already reached an epidemic proportion. With that on hand law makers are working on addressing this issue by creating policies that will totally keep cybercriminals are bay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hansen’s report talks about the severity of penalties that needs to be imposed on criminals lurking in the virtual community. The prevailing laws in most countries are not yet updated to completely adhere to the call for a change in policy. Existing laws have their own priorities and criteria set to determine severity of the crime and it applicable punishment. Since cybercrimes delivers the same degree of damages as traditional crimes, this report provides adequate reason for putting up a more severe punishment for cybercrime offenders. Instances of cyber criminals caught served lighter sentences as compared to the ones who committed the same crime on a traditional approach and most people sees it as unfair justice.

Company law overview - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2092 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Table of Contents Advantages of forming a incorporating company.. Differences between private limited company and public limited company.. Disadvantages of forming a company A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies Documents required for registration.. Role of Registrar of companies What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill.. Bibliography.. Advantages of forming a incorporating company The process of formation (registration) incorporated company is regulated by law in the Companies Act 2006. Summarised below the main advantages of incorporating the company. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Company law overview" essay for you Create order Limited Liability The most important of the advantages of incorporation is its limited liability, what means that the legal responsibility of shareholders is limited to the amount paid on their shares. The most important thing for Jack and Jill might be that their personal assets will not be put at risk. Separate Legal Identity The limited liability company is a legal entity separate from the board and its members (shareholders). And again, any debts made by the company will not be borne personally. Protection of Company Name The name of the company must be unique and no one else cannot use it. However the choice of company name is restricted and complies with the rules. Continuity In case that Directors, management and employees leave, retire, die it doesnt mean that the company will be winding up. Once the company is formed it will be exist till insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation or other cause of the courts or Registrar of Companies. Taxation Sole traders and partnership companies pay income tax but the companies pay corporation tax which has currently lower rate than income tax. There are also wider range of allowances and tax deductible costs which decreases the taxable profit. Differences between private limited company and public limited company DIFFERENCES PUBLIC COMPANIES PRIVATE COMPANIES NAME Must end with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Public Limited Company or PLC Must end with Private Limited Company or LTD (unless the company is unlimited) SHARE CAPITAL Must have a minimum subscribed share capital of  £50,000 and this must be paid up to at least 25% (at least  £12,500 must already have been raised by the issue of shares) No limit on share capital SHARES The company may offer its shares and debentures to the public (stock exchange) Cannot be advertised for sale or listed on the stock exchange DIRECTORS At least 2 One director COMPANY SECRETARY Must have suitably qualified company secretary There is no obligation to have a secretary, if there is one does not need to be qualified ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Must hold every calendar year No obligation, of AGM, unless there is the decision to have one Disadvantages of forming a company In the first stage of the formation of a company must be prepared various documents, such as: memorandum of association and articles of association, a statement of capital and declaration of compliance, which must be delivered to the registrar of companies at Companies House. This stage is more laborious and complicated in comparison to the partnership and therefore incorporated companies will take longer to set up. The company also must have a unique name and gain unique number from Registrar of Companies. To set up the company there must be paid fees which make this type of company more expensive to set up. Also, there are extensive legal issues that have to be complied with. The various ongoing formalities must fill and publicity include the companys directors, secretary, also the financial accounts (which can be viewed by individual or other companies), the annual return of the company, and constitution. A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Limited by shares what means that the liability of the members (shareholders) of the company is limited by the memorandum to the amount capital originally invested. That will protect the shareholders private assets in the event of the company will announce bankruptcy. This kind of liability I would advice to Jack and Jills company as their private assets will not be involved in case of insolvency. Limited by guarantee means that the liability of shareholders is limited to the amount which they have undertaken or guaranteed to pay if company winding up. This kind of liability has normally been formed for educational or charitable purposes, and may or not have a share capital. If there is a share capital, the shareholders liability is for the amount of his shares and also to the amount of guarantee. Companies with no share capital normally gain funds by subscription or endowments. Unlimited means that there is no limit of the liability of the shareholders. Unlikely to the partnership the shareholders are not directly liable to creditors, but they are liable to the company. However, their liability is the same as partners. Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies In the Company Act 2006 many of the changes has applied to small private companies and its one of the most important rules is a simplification of the corporate regime. Some of these rules will be presented below: The company makes the decision if they wish to appoint the company secretary, as they are no longer obligated to do so. The shareholders written resolutions are no longer has to be unanimity. The simple majority of the eligible shares for ordinary resolutions, but 75% for special resolutions. The Act gives a possibility of reducing share capital by a company without obtaining the court order. Also reduces the period of filing the accounts from 10 to 9 from the financial year end. Documents required for registration 1. The memorandum of association This document is also known as an external constitution of the company, and determines key features of the companys status. From 1st of October 2009 the document was simplified and does not contain too much information, but it has to be prepared by those who wants to form an incorporation company under Company Act 2006. This must contain the subscribers names and signatures and if the company has a share capital, each of the member must have at least one share. 2. The articles of association (CA 2006 s. 18) The article of association (also known as internal constitution of the company) is the most important because it determines how company will be operate and regulates the rights between members, directors and company. The company has a right to make a changes to articles but it has to be done during the general meeting and the copy should be delivered, within 15 days from the day the changes were enacted, to the Registrar of Companies. Th e articles of association must be sign This document must be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum in the presence of a one witness and usually areas such as: Rights, duties and responsibilities of the directors; General meetingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ organization; Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s members voting rights; Shares issues and transfers, sharesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ classes, share certificates; Paying dividends and etc. To make easier preparation of this document for the companies, Companies House has prepared standard article of association and might be adapted by this company. All of these documents are available to download from Companies House website: https://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/; but also can be received from: company formation agents, accountants or legal stationers. 3. IN01 form The registration application (which contains the statement of compliance) The name of the company might be chosen, by those of setting up the company, of any name they wish, however there is certain rules which must be kept. The situate of the office of the company A statement of the objects of the company A statement of the limitation of liability of the company A capital clause stating the amount of the share capital which is authorised and the division of the share capital into shares of a stated amount Role of Registrar of companies The Companies Act 2006 makes the rules how the documentation should be filled in Companies House. The Registrar of Companies is responsible to record and control from companies either new or existing, to incorporate and dissolve companies, regulates formation of new companies and changes of existing companies, and also deals with any breaches of Companies Act. The section 1117 Companies Act covers where is stated the form, deliveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s manner, method of authentication, whether delivered electronically or as a paper document. The one of responsibility isto make the information available to the public. The names can be checked on Companies House website before formation, but also Registrar of Companies will check that if it is consistent with rules. The name of the company must be chosen very carefully, and the best way to make it easy to memorise is to make it as logical to the company activity as it possible. The name cannot be similar to other companies and sh ould be too long as the long names are difficult to memorise. The words cannot be used but might be if the company will receive a written permission from the Department of Constitutional Affairs. These words are: Royal, Queen, King. The words used by a company without a permission such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Solicitorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Patent Agentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; might be treated as criminal offence. There is also words that company will need to get a written specified bodys permission, and they are: British, English, International, Group or Association. What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006 In the Section 33 of Companies Act 2006 that is provided information for a statutory contract between the company and its members; each member of the company and other companies. Over the years this contract have made a lot of controversy and confusion. The main question is if the contract might be enforced by members, to make sure that the right associated with them in another role such as the right given to a director who is also a member. In the members rights were breached, the company can be sued by them. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill Corporate personality means that the company is treated as a legal entity and its personality exist independently from its owners, directors and shareholders. That means also that the company is liable for its own debts and can sue but it can be sued in its own name and also a company can buy and sell properties in its own name. The limited liability of the company means that the shareholders are not liable on its private assets for the debts belongs to the company (as the company and the owners are two separate entity). This might be one of main advantages to register the company by Jack and Jill with Companies House. In case of any problems with liquidity of the company, problems with paying companys liability such as loans or debenture, Jack and Jill private assets will be safe from creditors of the company. The case Salomon v A. Salomon Co. Ltd (1887) will illustrate and will be the best example the separate entity: Mr Salomon owned a boot-making business which was sol d to another company A. Salomon Co. Ltd, which had been formed by the same Salomon. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There were seven members in the business: his wife, daughter and four sons who took one share each and Salomon himself who took 20,000 shares. The price paid by the company to Salomon was  £30,000 but instead of giving him cash, the business gave him 20,000 fully paid shares and  £10,000 in the secured debentures i.e. he lent the company  £10,000 which was owed to Salomon and  £7000 to unsecured creditors. The unsecured creditors claimed that as Salomon Co Ltd was really the same person, he could not owe money to himself and that they should be paid their  £7000 first. Held: The House of Lords stated that Salomon was entitled to the  £6000 and the unsecured creditors got nothing. The reason for this decision was that the company was to be regarded as a completely separate person in the eyes of the law from its members and its officers. The House of Lords thought it a completely irrelevant argument that Salomon was the leading shareholder in the company and that he could effectively control the destiny of the business.[1] Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law, Second Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005) Bibliography: Nicholas Grier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law, Second Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005 Websites used: https://www.bridgewest.eu/ https://startups.co.uk/ https://www.companieshouse.gov.uk https://www.companylawclub.co.uk/ 1 [1] Case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Company Law, Second Editionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005)

Analysis Of The Book After Silence - 1614 Words

Citation Raine, N. V. (1999). After silence. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. Taylor Waller. Introduction The book, After Silence, was written by Nancy Venable Raine. The author suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder because she was raped. She was living on her own in Boston because she had taken a new job (Raine, 1999, pg. 7). And this is her only qualification when it comes to writing about PTSD. Some of the stressors she would have would just be sleeping or little noises that she would here around her. Her PTSD were mainly her nightmares, which caused her lack of sleep. I had chosen this book because I was interested in learning about what a person who has had a traumatic event in their life happen and how they can â€Å"overcome†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Diagnosis According to the DSM-5, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder must have certain symptoms. The first symptom that is required is for PTSD requires a traumatic event in a person’s life. This would be a car accident, rape, or even an event that occurred during war. Another symptom that could occur in a perso n with PTSD would be re-experiencing. Throughout the book, Raine had shown symptoms of her PTSD when she could not sleep in her own apartment any more. She also was not comfortable by herself. In the book—after the rape—she had went to her friend’s house and she was scared because her friend was not outside waiting for her. She would be freaked out that she would live through her experience again. Another symptom of PTSD—according to the DSM-5—would consist of alteration in cognition and mood. In a way, Raine had experienced alteration in cognition and mood. She would feel anxious and worry some when she was alone. These are some of the symptoms that would classify Raine as a person with PTSD. With people who have PTSD, they do not always show all the symptoms that the DSM-5 shows. One of the symptoms that Raine did not really show during the book was avoidance. When a person who has PTSD and they show signs of avoidance, they will avoid things tha t remind them of their rape. Even though she did not want to go back to her apartment, that is one of the few ways that she has PTSD but it is inconsistent. Another symptom that Raine did not show was

My Two Brothers free essay sample

No two people are exactly alike, and my two older brothers, Thu Nguyen and Thang Nguyen, are no exceptions. When I think of them, I think of Rudyard Kipling’s words, â€Å"East is East. West is West. Never the twain shall meet. † Even though they have the same parents, their considerable differences in looks, personalities, and attitude toward life reflect the differences between Eastern and Western cultures. Like the majority of oriental men, Thu is short, small, and has a full moon-shaped face. His smooth white skin and small arms and feet make him look somewhat delicate. Thu always likes to wear formal, traditional clothes. For example, on great holidays or at family rice celebrations, Thu appears in the traditional black grown, white pants and black silky headband, all of which make him look like an early twentieth-century intellectual. In contrast to Thu, Thang looks more like an American boxer. He is tall, muscular and big-boned. We will write a custom essay sample on My Two Brothers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is built straight as an arrow and his face is long and angular as a Western character. Unlike Thu, Thang has strong feet and arms, and whereas Thu has smooth skin, Thang’s shoulders and chest are hairy, large and full. Unlike Thu, Thang likes to wear comfortable T-shirts and jeans or sports clothes. At a formal occasion, instead of wearing traditional formal clothes, Thang wears stylish Western style suits. Thu and Thang also differ in personality. Thu has the smile of an ancient Chinese philosopher that western people can never understand. He always smiles. He smiles because he wants to make the other person happy or to make himself happy. He smiles whenever people speak to him, regardless of whether they are right or wrong. He smiles when he forgives people who have wronged him. Thu likes book, of course, and literature and philosophy. He likes to walk in the moonlight to think. Thu also enjoys drinking hot tea and singing verses. In short, in our family, Thu is the son who provides a good example of filial piety and tolerance. Thang, on the other hand, does not set a good example of traditional respectful behavior for his brothers and sisters. Unlike Thu, Thang only smiles when he is happy. When he talks to people, he looks at their faces. Because of this, my eldest brother Thu considers him very impolite. As one might expect, Thang does not like philosophy and literature; instead, he studies science and technology. Whereas Thu enjoys tea and classical verses, Thang prefers to take sun baths and drink whisky while he listens to rock and roll music. And like American youths, Thang is independent; in fact, he loves his independence more than he loves his family. He wants to move out of our house and live in an apartment by himself. He is such an individualist that all the members in my family say that he is selfish. My brothers’ differences do not end with looks and personalities. Concerning their attitudes toward life, they are as different as the moon and the sun. My eldest brother Thu is concerned with spiritual values. Besides Catholicism, he is affected by Confucian and Taoist theories. These theories consider that the human life is not happy. Therefore, if a man wants to be happy, he should get out of the competitiveness of life and should not depend on material objects. For example, if a man is not anxious to have a modern car, he does not have to worry about how to make money to buy one. My oldest brother is deeply affected by these theories, so he never tries hard to make money to buy conveniences. In contrast to Thu, my brother Thang believes that science and technology serve human beings. Therefore, each person must compete with nature and with other people in the world in order to acquire different conveniences, such as cars, digital devices, etc. Thang is affected by the western theories of real values; consequently he always works hard to make his own money to satisfy his material needs. In accordance with the morality of the cultural of my country, I cannot say which one of my brothers is wrong or right. But I do know that they both want to improve and maintain human life on this earth. I am very lucky to inherent both sources of thought from my two older brothers.